Table 1 Principal findings of articles regarding non-infectious uveitis and DED
From: Clinical relationship between dry eye disease and uveitis: a scoping review
Author, year | Title | Design of study | N total N uveitis Nuveitis and DED | Gender of patients with uveitis | Localization of uveitis | Etiology | Mean age of uveitis presentation (years) | DED tests | Relationship between diseases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rosenbaum JT et al. [21], 1987 | Chronic Anterior and Posterior Uveitis and Primary Sjogren’s Syndrome | Case series | 8 8 8 | Male:1 Female: 7 | Panuveitis: 8 | Sjogren’s syndrome 8/8 | 54.1 | 8/8 patients with uveitis had a low Schirmer test (≤ 9 mm) | Description of patients with Sjogren’s syndrome. Among patients with uveitis 100% (8/8) had dry eye |
Bridges AJ et al. [22], 1992 | Acute iritis associated with primary Sjögren’s syndrome and high-titer anti-SS-A/Ro and anti-SS-B/La antibodies. Treatment with combination of immunosuppressive therapies. | Case report | 1 1 1 | Male: 0 Female: 1 | Anterior: 1 | Primary Sjögren’s syndrome 1/1 | 52 | The patient had KCS confirmed by Schirmer test and rose-Bengal stain | Description of a 52 year old patient with Sjogren’s syndrome who developed uveitis and KCS |
Hegab SM et al. [23], 1997 | Ocular sarcoidosis in Kuwait with a review of literature | Case series | 18 18 6 | Male: 8 Female: 10 | - Anterior: 5 - Intermediate + Anterior: 10 - Panuveitis: 3 | Ocular sarcoidosis 18/18 | 19 | 1/6 had severe dry eyes noted by Schirmer’s test reading 0 | Description of patients with ocular sarcoidosis. Among patients with uveitis 33.3% (6/18) had dry eye |
Araki T et al. [24], 2001 | Two elderly patients with sarcoidosis and Sjögren’s syndrome | Case series | 2 2 2 | Male: 0 Female: 2 | N/A | Sjögren’s syndrome and Sarcoidosis 2/2 | 70 | 2/2 patients with uveitis had a positive Schirmer test and rose Bengal staining | Description of 2 elderly patients with sarcoidosis and Sjögren’s syndrome who developed dry eye and uveitis |
Zagórski Z et al. [25], 2001 | [Zinsser-Engman-Cole syndrome (dyskeratosis congenita) with severe sicca syndrome, panuveitis and corneal perforation--a case report]. | Case report | 1 1 1 | Male: 1 Female: 0 | Panuveitis: 1 | Zinsser-Engman-Cole syndrome 1/1 | 46 | The patient with uveitis had a Schirmer test I with OD 0 mm and OS 9 mm | Description of a 46 year old patient with Zinsser-Engman-Cole syndrome who developed uveitis and dry eye |
Ramos-Casals M et al. [26], 2004 | Sarcoidosis or Sjögren Syndrome? Clues to Defining Mimicry or Coexistence in 59 Cases | Case series | 5 2 2 | Male: 0 Female: 2 | Anterior: 2 | Sjögren’s syndrome and Sarcoidosis 5/5 | 50.5 | 1/2 of the patient with uveitis had non-specified positive ocular tests 1/2 of the patient with uveitis had positive Schirmer test and Rose Bengal staining | Description of patients with Sarcoidosis and Sjogren’s syndrome. Among patients with uveitis 100% (2/2) had abnormalities in ocular surface test suggestive of dry eye |
Lendechy-Velázquez M, et al. [27], 2019 | IgG4-related disease | Case Series | 2 1 1 | Male: 1 Female:0 | Anterior: 1 | IgG4 related disease 2/2 | 67 | The patient with uveitis had AO with positive Schirmer test | Description of a 67-year-old patient with IgG4-related disease who developed uveitis and dry eye |
Cui D et al. [28], 2020 | Concurrent primary Sjögren’s syndrome and isolated ocular sarcoidosis presenting with bilateral corneal scarring and dry eye | Case report | 1 1 1 | Male:1 Female:0 | Anterior: 1 | Sjogren’s syndrome and sarcoidosis 1/1 | 60 | The patient had significant bilateral bulbar conjunctival lissamine green staining and corneal punctate epithelial erosions | Description of a 60-year patient with Sjogren’s syndrome and sarcoidosis who developed uveitis and dry eye |
Babu K et al. [29], 2021 | Clinical Profile in Genetically Proven Blau Syndrome: A Case Series from South India | Case series | 7 5 4 | Male: 2 Female: 3 | Anterior: 2 Panuveitis: 3 | Blau syndrome 7/7 | 10 | 2/5 patients with uveitis had a low Schirmer test (≤ 6 mm) | Description of patients with Blau syndrome. Among patients with uveitis 80% (4/5) had dry eyes. |
Chylack LT et al. [30], 1975 | Ocular manifestations of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis | Cross sectional study | 210 36 3 | Male: 6 Female: 30 | N/A | Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis 210/210 | 4.3 ± 1 | 3/36 patients with uveitis had positive Schirmer test | Description of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Among patients with uveitis 8.3% (3/36) had KCS |
Kanski JJ et al. [31], 1988 | Uveitis in Juvenile Chronic Arthritis: Incidence, Clinical Features and Prognosis | Cross sectional study | 315 315 5 | N/A | Anterior: 315 | Juvenile Chronic Arthritis 315/315 | 6 | 5/315 patients with uveitis had rose Bengal typical staining pattern for KCS | Description of patients with JCA. Among patients with uveitis 1.58% (5/315) had KCS |
Mastropasqua L et al. [32], 1996 | Tear deficiency in Fuchs’ intermediate uveitis | Cross sectional study | 30 30 15 | N/A | Intermediate 30/30 | Fuchs’ (heterochromic) uveitis 30/30 | N/A | 15/30 patients with uveitis had abnormal Schirmer’s test I, tear film breakup time and Ferning test | Description of patients with Fuchs’ heterochromic uveitis. Among patients with uveitis 50% (15/30) had tear deficiency abnormalities |
Evans M et al. [33], 2007 | Differences in clinical findings between Caucasians and African Americans with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis. | Cross sectional study | 81 33 1 | Male: 9 Female: 24 | - Anterior: 16 - Anterior + Intermediate: 1 - Intermediate: 3 - Posterior: 11 - Panuveitis: 2 | Sarcoidosis 81/81 | N/A | N/A | Description of patients with sarcoidosis. Among patients with uveitis 3% (1/33) had KCS |
Ungprasert P et al. [34], 2016 | Clinical characteristics of ocular sarcoidosis: A population-based study 1976-2013 | Cross sectional study | 345 14 1 | Male: 3 Female: 11 | - Anterior: 9 - Anterior and intermediate: 1 - Intermediate: 2 - Posterior: 1 - Panuveitis: 1 | Sarcoidosis 345/345 | 52.5 | N/A | Description of a 50-year-old patient with sarcoidosis who developed uveitis and dry eye |
Caimmi C et al. [35], 2018 | Clinical correlates, outcomes, and predictors of inflammatory ocular disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis in the biologic era | Cross sectional study | 92 14 1 | Male: 5 Female: 9 | Anterior: 14 | Rheumatoid arthritis 92/92 | N/A | A diagnosis of dry eye was made when at least 1 of the followings tests were positive: rose Bengal/ Lissamine green corneal surface staining or Schirmer test < 5 mm | Description of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Among patients with uveitis 7.1% (1/14) had dry eye |
Maryam T et al. [36], 2019 | Ocular surface disease in patients with panuveitis: Incidence and characteristics | Cross sectional study | 101 | Male: 33 Female: 68 | Panuveitis: 101 | Idiopathic uveitis 12/101 Sarcoidosis 11/101 Non-specified 78/101 | 50.1 | N/A | Description of patients with panuveitis sarcoidosis, idiopathic, and other non-specified etiologies. Among patients with uveitis 8.9% (9/101) had dry eye signs |
101 | |||||||||
9 | |||||||||
Degirmenci C et al. [37], 2020 | Evaluation of ocular surface and meibomian glands in patients with uveitis related to oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis | Cross sectional study | 17 17 2 | Male: 5 Female: 12 | N/A | Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis 17/17 | 17 ± 5.69 | 2/17 patients with uveitis had an abnormal Schirmer 1 test (≤ 5 mm) | Patients with oligoarticular JIA who developed uveitis and dry eye with a significant higher total meiboscores compared to controls, which indicates a possible evaporative dry eye tendency in this entity |
Pivetti Pezzi P et al. [38], 2004 | Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome and Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca | Case Controls | 32 16 > 16 | Male: 8 Female: 24 | NA | Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada 16/32 Unspecified bilateral diffuse uveitis 16/32 | 41 ± 13.40 | From the VKH group: 16/16 had a BUT < 5 seconds, 12/16 had a Schirmer test ≤3 mm and an abnormal Ferning Test (type III–IV), 10/16 had an abnormal corneal fluorescein and/or rose Bengal staining (Van Bijsterveld score ≥ 4) From the control group Unspecified uveitis group: 5/16 had a BUT < 5 seconds and an abnormal Ferning Test (type III–IV), 2/16 had a Schirmer test ≤3 mm and an abnormal corneal fluorescein and/or rose Bengal staining (Van Bijsterveld score ≥ 4) | Description of patients with VKH syndrome. Among patients with uveitis 100% (16/16) had abnormalities in ocular surface suggestive of KCS Patients with VKH syndrome had a higher incidence of KCS than control patients who had others bilateral diffuse uveitis |
Akinci A et al. [39], 2007 | Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca in Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis | Case Controls | 128 15 2 | N/A | N/A | Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis 64/64 | N/A | 2/15 patients with previous uveitis had KCS. A diagnosis of KCS was made when 2 out of 4 of the followings test were positive: Schirmer test ≤5 mm, BUT ≤10 seconds, rose Bengal staining score > 3 points or fluorescein staining score ≥ 1 | Patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Among patients with uveitis 13.3% (2/15) had KCS There were no significant differences in TBUT and Schirmer test results between children with or without a history of uveitis in patients with JRA |
Abbouda A et al. [40], 2017 | Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis-Related Uveitis: Different Ophthalmological Manifestations and Ocular Inflammation Features | Case Controls | 117 117 21 | Male: 59 Female: 58 | - Anterior: 99 - Intermediate: 3 - Posterior:10 - Panuveitis: 5 | Psoriasis 92/117 Psoriatic arthritis 25/117 | 52.5 ± 16.0 | N/A | Dry eye was the 5th most common complication 13.3% (21/117) after vitritis 41.1% (65/117), cataract 29.7% (47/117), posterior vitreous detachment 25.9% (41/117) and elevated intraocular pressure 17% (27/117) |