Fig. 1
From: Ocular adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, a scoping review
Mechanism of action. AÂ Tumor antigen presentation by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) receptor and B7/CD28 costimulatory signal are both necessary for CD8 T-cell activation. CTLA-4 downregulates T-cell immune function. Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies inhibit this downregulation and stimulate the immune system. BÂ Interaction between PD1 and PD-L1 takes place in the lymph node and in the tumor microenvironment. PD1 downregulates T-cell function as well. Trough PD-L1 binding PD1, tumors can escape immunosurveillance. Anti-PD-1 or -PD-L1 antibodies prohibit this and will restore the anti-tumor response