From: Choroidal sarcoid granuloma: a case report and review of the literature
Year | Author | Tumor Description | B/A Scan Ultrasound | Fluorescein Angiography | Fundus Autofluorescence | OCT | Indocyanine Green |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | Verma et al. [15] | Elevated mass along the supertemporal arcade, with minimal subretinal fluid surrounding it | Localized retinochoroidal elevated mass over the posterior pole with high surface reflectivity, low internal reflectivity, and surrounding shallow subretinal fluid | Diffuse hyperfluorescence with retinal pigment epithelial window defects over the lesion | Â | Â | Â |
2020 | Ung et al. [16] | Creamy yellow choroidal lesions, one inferotemporal to the macula, one supertemporal to the macula, and one inferior to the arcade | No posterior elevation of the lesion | Â | Â | Â | Â |
1982 | Marcus et al. [17] | Moderately elevated, yellowish choroidal mass centered in the macula with mild pigment dispersion | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
1982 | Marcus et al. [17] | Yellowish choroidal lesion temporal to the macula, impinging upon the fovea, with a large posterior neurosensory detachment | Â | Initial hypofluorescence with faint staining of the chorioretinal lesion by the venous phase | Â | Â | Â |
2009 | Doycheva et al. [18] | Small white chorioretinal lesions with pigment epithelial alterations in the midperiphery of the retina and granulomas at the fundus | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
2009 | Doycheva et al. [18] | Small chorioretinal granulomas at the fundus around the optic disc and in the midperiphery of the retina | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
2009 | Doycheva et al. [18] | Small chorioretinal granulomas in the midperiphery of the retina | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
2017 | Turkoglu et al. [19] | Yellow 2 mm choroidal mass in the temporal macular region, with a 1 mm chorioretinal scar superior to the optic disc |  |  |  | Homogenous hyporeflective lesion in the choroid, 246 μm, with intact overlying retinal pigment epithelium and compression of the choroidal vascular structures |  |
2020 | Schönbach et al. [20] | Yellowish choroidal lesions in the posterior pole |  | Scattered hyperfluorescent spots within the macula with mild leakage |  | Subretinal fluid and choroidal corrugations (2 weeks after treatment) |  |
2021 | Pichi et al. [21] | Elevated yellowish lesion at the center of the macula surrounded by a ring of subretinal fluid and blood | Â | Â | Â | Hyperreflective homogenous material in the choroid obliterating the inner and outer choroidal vasculature and eroding through the Bruch membrane, with associated subretinal fluid and intraretinal cysts | Â |
2017 | Stefater et al. [22] | Minimally elevated, nonpigmented choroidal lesion with polypoidal borders at the posterior segment | No elevation | Â | Â | Â | Â |
2018 | Knickelbein et al. [23] | Elevated yellow choroidal mass temporal to the macula of the left eye | Â | Right eye with disc hyperfluorescence, blockage in the areas of hemorrhage, and diffuse small vessel leakage. Left eye with early hyperfluorescence of the optic nerve that was maintained into late frames, diffuse small vessel leakage, and early hypofluorescence with late speckled hyperfluorescence of the large temporal choroidal mass | Right eye with hypoautofluorescence in the areas of hemorrhage Left eye with small speckled hypoautofluorescence overlying the choroidal mass | Right macula with subretinal fluid nasally adjacent to the nerve and retinal folds Left macula with large intraretinal cystic fluid pockets nasally and temporally, subretinal fluid nasally adjacent to the nerve, foveal detachment with nasal and temporal choroidal elevation | Â |
2021 | Armbrust et al. [24] | N/A | Â | Â | Â | EDI-OCT: Isolated peripapillary choroidal granuloma with associated optic disc edema | Â |
2013 | Chen et al. [25] | Extensive, confluent, subretinal, yellowish white infiltrates throughout the fundus with peripapillary atrophy | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
2017 | Ishihara et al. [26] | Right eye with multifocal yellowish-white lesions in the peripapillary region and the arcade and retinal periphlebitis with small perivascular nodules in the periphery Left eye with chorioretinal atrophic lesions in the periphery | Â | Â | Â | Homogenous hyporeflectivity with thinning of the overlying choriocapillaris, with associated subretinal fluid adjacent to the peripapillary choroidal lesion | Â |
2021 | Kita et al. [27] | Round, white, 1.5 DD choroidal mass located 1 DD superior-temporal to the macula | Intrachoroidal mass lesion noted without calcification | Hypofluorescence during the early phase, with late leakage | Â | Dome shaped elevated of the choroid with effacement of the choroidal vessels, and subretinal fluid accumulation over the mass and macula | Hypofluorescence persistent throughout the late phase of the angiogram |
1983 | Olk et al. [28] | Slightly depigmented choroidal lesion, 1 × 2 DD, in the papillomacular bundle adjacent to the optic nerve | Elevation of the neurosensory retina with fluid in the extrascleral space adjacent to the temporal aspect of the optic nerve | Multiple pinpoint areas of hyperfluorescence on the surface of the lesion, with late diffuse staining of the entire lesion with collection of dye under the neurosensory detachment |  |  |  |
2021 | Kobayashi et al. [29] | Large white protruding lesion of 10 × 8 PD slightly temporal to the macular region | High internal reflectivity | Left eye with punctate fluorescein leakage at the early phase, with tissue staining and fluorescein pooling from the middle to late phase Right eye with slight fluorescein leakage in the peripheral region |  | Protruding lesion with a homogenous shadow on the choroid and under the retina, complicated by an exudative retinal detachment | Low fluorescence and filling delay in the area corresponding to the mass |
2014 | Khatib et al. [30] | Multiple cream-colored choroidal lesions involving the optic disc | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
2013 | Kumar et al. [31] | Solitary choroidal granuloma temporal to the macula, with disc edema and vitreous snowballs inferiorly | Choroidal granuloma confirmation | Â | Â | Choroidal elevation with intraretinal and subretinal fluid | Â |
2017 | Pandya et al. [32] | Multiple elevated, pale yellow choroidal lesions, consistent with granulomas, predominantly in the posterior pole of both eyes, and disk hyperemia, swelling, and a right partial macular scar | Â | Early-phase hypofluorescence and late-phase hyperfluorescence of the choroidal granulomas with disk hyperfluorescence | Â | Â | Â |
2005 | Chan et al. [33] | Retinal and choroidal granulomas, with dilated inferotemporal retinal vein with loops, and subretinal exudates at the macula | Â | Periphlebitis, staining of the inflammatory masses, and subretinal leakage | Â | Â | Â |
2013 | Modi et al. [34] | Multiple deep, focal, elevated, creamy lesions at the posterior segment and diffuse peripapillary focal creamy lesions obscuring the disc margins with adjacent subretinal fluid | Â | Â | Â | Homogenous hyporeflective lesion, with thinning of the overlying and surrounding uninvolved choroidal architecture, and focal elevation of the retinal pigment epithelium with shadowing deep to the lesion and subretinal fluid | Disc leakage and hypofluorescence |
1992 | Tingey et al. [35] | Slightly elevated, pale yellow choroidal mass with overlying subretinal fluid involving the macula | 1.4 mm choroidal mass with serous retinal detachment and high internal reflectivity. | Early hypofluorescence with later hyerfluorescence and leakage of dye into the subretinal space |  |  |  |
1984 | Campo et al. [36] | Yellow-white elevated choroidal tumefaction, 2.5 DD, involving the right macula Left fundus with a white 1 DD scar above the superior arcade | 2 mm of elevation, medium internal reflectivity | Initial relative hyperfluorescence with progressive dye accumulation in the late phase |  |  |  |
1984 | Campo et al. [36] | Pale yellow choroidal tumefactions, 2 DD, above the fovea with small flecks of blood on the lower border and a shallow serous elevation of the retina extending inferiorly to involve the fovea Temporally similar choroidal mass, 1.5 DD, without serious retinal detachment. Pale grey choroidal thickening, 0.5 DD, above the fovea of the right eye with a small red center with a small red center. | Internal tissue characterization not possible | Diffuse hyperfluorescence with focal pigment epithelial staining | Â | Â | Â |
2022 | Hage et al | Yellow elevated choroidal lesion, 2x3x2.18 mm in the posterior pole | Dome-shaped, regularly structured, hyperechoic | Late diffuse staining | hyperautoflourescence with hypoautoflourescent stippling | Choroidal elevation with associated subretinal hyperreflective material and subretinal fluid | Hypocyanescence throughout angiography |