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Table 2 Summary of tumor descriptions and imaging results

From: Choroidal sarcoid granuloma: a case report and review of the literature

Year

Author

Tumor Description

B/A Scan Ultrasound

Fluorescein Angiography

Fundus Autofluorescence

OCT

Indocyanine Green

2010

Verma et al. [15]

Elevated mass along the supertemporal arcade, with minimal subretinal fluid surrounding it

Localized retinochoroidal elevated mass over the posterior pole with high surface reflectivity, low internal reflectivity, and surrounding shallow subretinal fluid

Diffuse hyperfluorescence with retinal pigment epithelial window defects over the lesion

   

2020

Ung et al. [16]

Creamy yellow choroidal lesions, one inferotemporal to the macula, one supertemporal to the macula, and one inferior to the arcade

No posterior elevation of the lesion

    

1982

Marcus et al. [17]

Moderately elevated, yellowish choroidal mass centered in the macula with mild pigment dispersion

     

1982

Marcus et al. [17]

Yellowish choroidal lesion temporal to the macula, impinging upon the fovea, with a large posterior neurosensory detachment

 

Initial hypofluorescence with faint staining of the chorioretinal lesion by the venous phase

   

2009

Doycheva et al. [18]

Small white chorioretinal lesions with pigment epithelial alterations in the midperiphery of the retina and granulomas at the fundus

     

2009

Doycheva et al. [18]

Small chorioretinal granulomas at the fundus around the optic disc and in the midperiphery of the retina

     

2009

Doycheva et al. [18]

Small chorioretinal granulomas in the midperiphery of the retina

     

2017

Turkoglu et al. [19]

Yellow 2 mm choroidal mass in the temporal macular region, with a 1 mm chorioretinal scar superior to the optic disc

   

Homogenous hyporeflective lesion in the choroid, 246 μm, with intact overlying retinal pigment epithelium and compression of the choroidal vascular structures

 

2020

Schönbach et al. [20]

Yellowish choroidal lesions in the posterior pole

 

Scattered hyperfluorescent spots within the macula with mild leakage

 

Subretinal fluid and choroidal corrugations (2 weeks after treatment)

 

2021

Pichi et al. [21]

Elevated yellowish lesion at the center of the macula surrounded by a ring of subretinal fluid and blood

   

Hyperreflective homogenous material in the choroid obliterating the inner and outer choroidal vasculature and eroding through the Bruch membrane, with associated

subretinal fluid and intraretinal cysts

 

2017

Stefater et al. [22]

Minimally elevated, nonpigmented choroidal lesion with polypoidal borders at the posterior segment

No elevation

    

2018

Knickelbein et al. [23]

Elevated yellow choroidal mass temporal to the macula of the left eye

 

Right eye with disc hyperfluorescence, blockage in the areas of hemorrhage, and diffuse small vessel leakage.

Left eye with early hyperfluorescence of the optic nerve that was maintained into late frames, diffuse small vessel leakage, and early hypofluorescence with late speckled hyperfluorescence of the large temporal choroidal mass

Right eye with hypoautofluorescence in the areas of hemorrhage

Left eye with small speckled hypoautofluorescence overlying the choroidal mass

Right macula with subretinal fluid nasally adjacent to the nerve and retinal folds

Left macula with large intraretinal cystic fluid pockets nasally and temporally, subretinal fluid nasally adjacent to the nerve, foveal detachment with nasal and temporal choroidal elevation

 

2021

Armbrust et al. [24]

N/A

   

EDI-OCT: Isolated peripapillary choroidal granuloma with associated optic disc edema

 

2013

Chen et al. [25]

Extensive, confluent, subretinal, yellowish white infiltrates throughout the fundus with peripapillary atrophy

     

2017

Ishihara et al. [26]

Right eye with multifocal yellowish-white lesions in the peripapillary region and the arcade and retinal periphlebitis with small perivascular nodules in the periphery

Left eye with chorioretinal atrophic lesions in the periphery

   

Homogenous hyporeflectivity with thinning of the overlying choriocapillaris, with associated subretinal fluid adjacent to the peripapillary choroidal lesion

 

2021

Kita et al. [27]

Round, white, 1.5 DD choroidal mass located 1 DD superior-temporal to the macula

Intrachoroidal mass lesion noted without calcification

Hypofluorescence during the early phase, with late leakage

 

Dome shaped elevated of the choroid with effacement of the choroidal vessels, and subretinal fluid accumulation over the mass and macula

Hypofluorescence persistent throughout the late phase of the angiogram

1983

Olk et al. [28]

Slightly depigmented choroidal lesion, 1 × 2 DD, in the papillomacular bundle adjacent to the optic nerve

Elevation of the neurosensory retina with fluid in the extrascleral space adjacent to the temporal aspect of the optic nerve

Multiple pinpoint areas of hyperfluorescence on the surface of the lesion, with late diffuse staining of the entire lesion with collection of dye under the neurosensory detachment

   

2021

Kobayashi et al. [29]

Large white protruding lesion of 10 × 8 PD slightly temporal to the macular region

High internal reflectivity

Left eye with punctate fluorescein leakage at the early phase, with tissue staining and fluorescein pooling from the middle to late phase

Right eye with slight fluorescein leakage in the peripheral region

 

Protruding lesion with a homogenous shadow on the choroid and under the retina, complicated by an exudative retinal detachment

Low fluorescence and filling delay in the area corresponding to the mass

2014

Khatib et al. [30]

Multiple cream-colored choroidal lesions involving the optic disc

     

2013

Kumar et al. [31]

Solitary choroidal granuloma temporal to the macula, with disc edema and vitreous snowballs inferiorly

Choroidal granuloma confirmation

  

Choroidal elevation with intraretinal and subretinal fluid

 

2017

Pandya et al. [32]

Multiple elevated, pale yellow choroidal lesions, consistent with granulomas, predominantly in the posterior pole of both eyes, and disk hyperemia, swelling, and a right partial macular scar

 

Early-phase hypofluorescence and late-phase hyperfluorescence of the choroidal granulomas with disk hyperfluorescence

   

2005

Chan et al. [33]

Retinal and choroidal granulomas, with dilated inferotemporal retinal vein with loops, and subretinal exudates at the macula

 

Periphlebitis, staining of the inflammatory masses, and subretinal leakage

   

2013

Modi et al. [34]

Multiple deep, focal, elevated, creamy lesions at the posterior segment and diffuse peripapillary focal creamy lesions obscuring the disc margins with adjacent subretinal fluid

   

Homogenous hyporeflective lesion, with thinning of the overlying and surrounding uninvolved choroidal architecture, and focal elevation of the retinal pigment epithelium with shadowing deep to the lesion and subretinal fluid

Disc leakage and hypofluorescence

1992

Tingey et al. [35]

Slightly elevated, pale yellow choroidal mass with overlying subretinal fluid involving the macula

1.4 mm choroidal mass with serous retinal detachment and high internal reflectivity.

Early hypofluorescence with later hyerfluorescence and leakage of dye into the subretinal space

   

1984

Campo et al. [36]

Yellow-white elevated choroidal tumefaction, 2.5 DD, involving the right macula

Left fundus with a white 1 DD scar above the superior arcade

2 mm of elevation, medium internal reflectivity

Initial relative hyperfluorescence with progressive dye accumulation in the late phase

   

1984

Campo et al. [36]

Pale yellow choroidal tumefactions, 2 DD, above the fovea with small flecks of blood on the lower border and a shallow serous elevation of the retina extending inferiorly to involve the fovea

Temporally similar choroidal mass, 1.5 DD, without serious retinal detachment.

Pale grey choroidal thickening, 0.5 DD, above the fovea of the right eye with a small red center with a small red center.

Internal tissue characterization not possible

Diffuse hyperfluorescence with focal pigment epithelial staining

   

2022

Hage et al

Yellow elevated choroidal lesion, 2x3x2.18 mm in the posterior pole

Dome-shaped, regularly structured, hyperechoic

Late diffuse staining

hyperautoflourescence with hypoautoflourescent stippling

Choroidal elevation with associated subretinal hyperreflective material and subretinal fluid

Hypocyanescence throughout angiography