Table 1 Patients’ characteristics according to the presence of ocular symptoms
From: Symptoms and signs of conjunctivitis as predictors of disease course in COVID-19 syndrome
Variable | Overall (n = 46) | With ocular symptoms or signs (n = 17) | Without ocular symptoms or signs (n = 29) | p-value§ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic and clinical characteristics | ||||
Age (years) | 65.0 (48.1–78.0) | 76.8 (62.4–83.3) | 57.2 (48.1–74.0) | 0.062 |
Male gender | 24 (52.2%) | 10 (58.8%) | 14 (48.3%) | 0.552 |
Days of symptoms before hospitalization | 6 (3–11) | 6 (2.5–10.5) | 6 (4–11) | 0.858 |
Days to conjunctival swab since hospitalization | 4 (1–15) | 11 (4–22) | 3 (1–6) | 0.023 |
Days of hospitalization | 18 (12–38) | 38 (18–49) | 14 (11–21) | 0.005 |
Reported hyperemia | 3 (7%) | 3 (21.4%) | 0 (0%) | – |
Sticky eyes | 4 (10%) | 4 (28.6%) | 0 (0%) | – |
Reported tearing | 6 (15%) | 6 (42.9%) | 0 (0%) | – |
Burning | 7 (16.3%) | 7 (50%) | 0 (0%) | – |
Hyperemia | 3 (7%) | 3 (17.6%) | 0 (0%) | – |
Tearing | 9 (19.6%) | 9 (52.9%) | 0 (0%) | – |
Secretion | 6 (13%) | 6 (35.3%) | 0 (0%) | – |
Reported chemosis | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
Reported anosmia | 11 (23.9%) | 4 (23.5%) | 7 (24.1%) | 0.999 |
Reported ageusia | 13 (28.3%) | 3 (17.6%) | 10 (34.5%) | 0.315 |
Antiviral therapy (≥1 drug) | 23 (50%) | 11 (64.7%) | 12 (41.4%) | 0.221 |
Hydroxychloroquine | 10 (21.7%) | 6 (35.3%) | 4 (13.8%) | 0.139 |
Lopinavir | 1 (2.2%) | 1 (5.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0.370 |
Remdesivir | 16 (34.8%) | 7 (41.2%) | 9 (31%) | 0.534 |
Azithromycin | 3 (6.5%) | 2 (11.8%) | 1 (3.4%) | 0.545 |
Corticosteroids | 22 (47.8%) | 8 (47.1%) | 14 (48.3%) | 0.999 |
Dexamethasone | 12 (26.7%) | 3 (17.6%) | 9 (32.1%) | 0.488 |
Methylprednisolone | 9 (20%) | 5 (29.4%) | 4 (14.3%) | 0.265 |
Prednisolone | 1 (2.2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3.6%) | 0.999 |
CPAP | 6 (13%) | 1 (5.9%) | 5 (17.2%) | 0.390 |
Venturi mask | 19 (41.3%) | 6 (35.3%) | 13 (44.8%) | 0.555 |
Glasses | 12 (26.1%) | 6 (35.3%) | 6 (20.7%) | 0.314 |
Use of CPAP/Venturi mask/glasses | 29 (63.0%) | 11 (64.7%) | 18 (62.1%) | 0.998 |
Eyepiece diseases | 4 (8.7%) | 2 (11.8%) | 2 (6.9%) | 0.619 |
Laboratory parameters | ||||
Ferritine at hospitalization (ng/mL) | 534 (359–1209.5) | 495 (158–1966) | 573 (363–1106) | 0.999 |
Ferritine at conjunctival swab (ng/mL) | 390 (252–663) | 663 (158–714) | 385 (287–520.5) | 0.958 |
Fibrinogen at hospitalization (mg/dL) | 511 (447–602) | 496.5 (432–698) | 512 (457–598) | 0.983 |
Fibrinogen at conjunctival swab (mg/dL) | 469 (415–578) | 494 (432–592) | 461.5 (410–544) | 0.615 |
Interleukin-6 at hospitalization (pg/mL) | 21.7 (9.8–32.3) | 16.2 (9.9–51.4) | 22.25 (6.4–31.5) | 0.412 |
Interleukin-6 at conjunctival swab (pg/mL) | 14.9 (5.4–40.6) | 43.5 (19.7–49.4) | 8 (3.6–20.7) | 0.016 |
Lactate dehydrogenase at hospitalization (U/L) | 272 (230–322) | 295 (230–332) | 260 (229–321.5) | 0.399 |
Lactate dehydrogenase at conjunctival swab (U/L) | 256 (215–287) | 256 (217–311) | 255.5 (210–278.5) | 0.817 |
Total lymphocytes at hospitalization (109cells/L) | 1 (0.7–1.3) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 1.1 (0.7–1.3) | 0.493 |
Total lymphocytes at conjunctival swab (109cells/L) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | 1.3 (1–1.6) | 1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.438 |
Total monocytes at hospitalization (109cells/L) | 0.45 (0.3–0.7) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.527 |
Total monocytes at conjunctival swab (109cells/L) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.5 (0.5–0.8) | 0.4 (0.3–0.7) | 0.081 |
Total neutrophils at hospitalization (109cells/L) | 4.2 (2.5–6.2) | 5.2 (3.4–9.5) | 4 (2.4–5.7) | 0.227 |
Total neutrophils at conjunctival swab (109cells/L) | 4.55 (2.5–5.6) | 5 (4–5.6) | 4 (2.3–5.5) | 0.158 |
PCR at hospitalization (mg/L) | 39.05 (19–72.1) | 65.1 (30.4–80.9) | 31.1 (14–62) | 0.041 |
PCR at conjunctival swab (mg/L) | 18 (5.4–38.4) | 29.6 (10.6–38.4) | 11.05 (3.45–36.2) | 0.228 |
PCT at hospitalization (ng/mL) | 0.91 (0.35–2.06) | 0.67 (0.35–2.06) | 1.14 (0.56–1.61) | 0.999 |
PCT at conjunctival swab (ng/mL) | 0.65 (0.39–1.01) | 0.95 (0.43–1.14) | 0.64 (0.35–0.85) | 0.368 |
Platelet at hospitalization (109/L) | 188.5 (150–225) | 204 (169–225) | 176 (147–215) | 0.195 |
Platelet at conjunctival swab (109/L) | 193 (159–258) | 191 (171–258) | 195 (154–254) | 0.741 |
RDW at hospitalization (%) | 13.9 (12.7–15.3) | 15.1 (13.7–16.5) | 13.2 (12.5–14.4) | 0.012 |
RDW at conjunctival swab (%) | 14.1 (12.6–15.5) | 15 (14.3–16.7) | 13.2 (12.4–14.4) | 0.001 |
White blood cells at hospitalization (109cells/L) | 5.85 (4.1–7.7) | 6.5 (4.7–10.4) | 5.5 (3.8–7.3) | 0.274 |
White blood cells at conjunctival swab (109cells/L) | 6.2 (4.3–7.9) | 7.3 (5.5–8) | 5.3 (4.1–7.7) | 0.106 |
D-Dimer at hospitalization (μg/mL) | 0.64 (0.43–1.27) | 0.65 (0.59–1.53) | 0.6 (0.38–1.01) | 0.235 |
D-Dimer at conjunctival swab (μg/mL) | 0.4 (0.33–0.63) | 0.58 (0.34–0.71) | 0.38 (0.27–0.55) | 0.165 |
PaO2/FiO2 at hospitalization (%) (n = 28) | 3.04 (2.05–3.36) | 2.83 (1.77–3.32) | 3.22 (2.07–3.42) | 0.416 |
PaO2/FiO2 at conjunctival swab (%) (n = 14) | 2.36 (1.61–3.18) | 2.04 (1.84–2.34) | 2.75 (1.41–3.4) | 0.533 |
SaO2 at hospitalization (%) (n = 40) | 94.55 (92.4–96.15) | 94.4 (91.8–96.3) | 94.9 (92.4–96) | 0.459 |
SaO2 at conjunctival swab (%) (n = 23) | 95.7 (94.2–97.3) | 97.4 (96.3–99.3) | 95.3 (94.2–96) | 0.069 |
Uric acid at hospitalization (mg/dL) | 4.4 (3.65–6.35) | 3.9 (3.8–6.3) | 4.5 (3.6–6.6) | 0.630 |
Uric acid at conjunctival swab (mg/dL) | 4.3 (3.7–6) | 3.9 (3.8–5.2) | 4.65 (3.5–6.2) | 0.467 |
Urea at hospitalization (mg/dL) | 32 (23.5–42.5) | 33 (29–49) | 31 (23–40) | 0.254 |
Urea at conjunctival swab (mg/dL) | 31 (24–46) | 39 (31–49) | 27 (22–40) | 0.189 |
ALT at hospitalization (U/L) | 31.5 (18–39.5) | 31 (15–36) | 32 (21–41) | 0.244 |
ALT at conjunctival swab (U/L) | 33.5 (20–52.5) | 32.5 (22–52.5) | 35 (18.5–55) | 0.678 |
AST at hospitalization (U/L) | 27 (23–36) | 33 (21–46) | 26 (23.5–32) | 0.331 |
AST at conjunctival swab (U/L) | 27 (22–36) | 27 (23.5–34.5) | 27 (21–47) | 0.742 |
CK at hospitalization (U/L) | 65.5 (46–140) | 131 (37–249) | 62 (46–100) | 0.227 |
CK at conjunctival swab (U/L) | 43 (27–100) | 27 (22–49) | 56 (35.5–100) | 0.056 |
Creatinine at hospitalization (mg/dL) | 0.96 (0.77–1.1) | 0.95 (0.77–1.28) | 0.96 (0.77–1.07) | 0.594 |
Creatinine at conjunctival swab (mg/dL) | 0.83 (0.73–1.01) | 0.88 (0.79–1) | 0.78 (0.72–1.03) | 0.400 |
Nasopharyngeal swab Ct at conjunctival swab | 30.38 (25.05–32.75) | 29.5 (24.34–32.75) | 32.51 (25.05–35.01) | 0.432 |