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Table 3 Ocular Manifestations of Antiphospholipid Syndrome

From: Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of antiphospholipid syndrome and ocular manifestations

Anterior Segment Manifestations:

 • Conjunctivitis sicca

 • Conjunctival vascular telangiectasias and microaneurysms

 • Punctate epithelial keratopathy

 • Limbal keratitis

 • Iritis

 • Episcleritis

 • Scleritis

Posterior Segment Manifestations:

 • Retinal microvascular occlusions

 • Central retinal vein occlusion

 • Central retinal artery occlusion

 • Branched retinal vein occlusion

 • Branched retinal artery occlusion

 • Choroidal infarction

 • Cilioretinal infarction

 • Vitritis

 • Retinal vasculitis

 • Serpiginous like choroidopathy

 • Frosted branch angiitis

 • Posterior scleritis

Neuro-ophthalmologic Manifestations:

 • Ischemic optic neuropathy

 • Ophthalmoplegia

 • Ischemic infarcts of visual pathway